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The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota (RAF designation) is a military transport aircraft developed from the civilian Douglas DC-3 aircraft. It was used extensively by the Allies during World War II and was on the front lines with various military operators for many years.
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The C-47 differed from the civilian DC-3 with many modifications, including a cargo door, elevator attachment, and hard floor, as well as a shortened tail cone, glider towing brackets, and an astrodome on the cockpit roof. .
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During World War II, the armed forces of many countries used C-47s and modified DC-3s to transport troops, cargo, and the wounded. The US Navy designation is R4D. More than 10,000 aircraft were produced in Long Beach and Santa Monica, California, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Between March 1943 and August 1945, the Oklahoma City plant produced 5,354 C-47s.
The C-53 Skytrooper specialized transport aircraft began production in October 1941 at the Douglas Aircraft plant in Santa Monica. The C-47's cargo door, elevator rig, and reinforced floor were missing. A total of only 380 aircraft were produced as the C-47 proved to be more versatile.
A large number of DC-3s and surplus C-47s were used commercially in the United States during the 1940s. In response to proposed changes to the airworthiness requirements of the Civil Aviation Regulations that would limit further use of these aircraft, Douglas proposed a modification of the DC-3 in late 1940 to improve takeoff and single-engine performance . This new model, the DC-3S or "Super DC-3", was 39 inches (0.99 m) longer. It could carry 30 passengers, increasing its speed to compete with newer aircraft. Moving the center of gravity back resulted in larger tail surfaces and new outer, swept-back wings. More powerful engines were installed along with shorter jet exhaust pipes. It was either 1475 hp. (1,100 kW) Wright R-1820 Cyclones or 1,450 hp. (1,081 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasps in larger gin nacelles. Minor changes include wheel well doors, a semi-retractable rear wheel, flattened studs and a low-drag antenna. All this increased the top speed by 250 mph (400 km/h; 220 kn). Changing over 75% of the original DC-3/C-47 configuration, the modified design was effectively a new aircraft.
The changes fully meet the new FAR 4B airworthiness requirements with significantly improved performance. However, commercial operators showed little interest in the DC-3S. It was too expansive for smaller operators, which was its main purpose; only three were sold to Capital Airlines. The US Navy and US Marine Corps modified 100 of their R4Ds to Super DC-3 standards as the R4D-8, later redesignated the C-117D.
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US Army explorers and USAAF aircrew before D-Day, June 1944, in front of a C-47 Skytrain at RAF North Witham
The C-47 was critical to the success of many Allied campaigns, particularly on Guadalcanal and the jungles of New Guinea and Burma, where the C-47 and its naval version, the R4D, enabled Allied troops to counter the mobility of the light mobile Japanese army . C-47s were used to transport supplies to surrounded American forces during the Battle of Bastogne in Belgium. However, perhaps his most influential role in military aviation was flying the "Humpback" from India to China. The knowledge gained from flying the "Humpback" was later used in the Berlin Airlift, in which the C-47 played a major role until the aircraft was replaced by Douglas C-54 Skymasters.
In Europe, the C-47 and the specialized paratrooper variant, the C-53 Skytrooper, were used extensively in the later stages of the war, particularly for towing gliders and dropping paratroopers. During the invasion of Sicily in July 1943, C-47s dropped 4,381 Allied paratroopers. More than 50,000 paratroopers dropped C-47s in the early days of the D-Day campaign, also known as the invasion of Normandy, France, in June 1944.
In the Pacific War, making careful use of Pacific Island airstrips, C-47s were used to transport soldiers serving in the Pacific Theater back to the United States.
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About 2,000 C-47s (obtained under Ld-Lease) in British and Commonwealth service are designated "Dakota", possibly inspired by the Douglas Aircraft Company transport aircraft abbreviation "DACoTA".
This name is attributed to the first aircraft, the USMC R2D - the military version of the DC-2 - which was the first aircraft to land on Midway Island, the former home of the long-winged albatross, known as the longbird, which was native to Midway.
The Skytrain was used by the United States Air Force Strategic Air Command from 1946 to 1967. The 6th Special Operations Squadron of the United States Air Force flew the C-47 until 2008.
As all their aircraft and pilots were part of the Indian Air Force before independence, both the Indian Air Force and the Pakistan Air Force used the C-47 to transport supplies to their soldiers fighting in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 .
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After World War II, thousands of surplus C-47s were converted to civilian airlines, with some remaining in service in 2012, as well as being used as private aircraft.
During the Vietnam War, the United States Air Force operated several variants of the C-47, including three advanced electronic warfare variants, sometimes called "electric leeches", designated the EC-47N, EC-47P, or EC-47Q depending on the type used engine. In addition, the 9th Special Operations Squadron used the HC-47 to conduct psychological warfare operations in South Vietnam and Laos. Miami Air International, Miami International Airport was a USAF military depot used to convert commercial DC-3/C-47s for military applications. They arrived as commercial aircraft purchased from third world airlines and were completely stripped, rebuilt and refurbished. Long-range fuel tanks were installed, along with upgraded avionics and weapon mounts. They departed as first class warplanes, entering combat in Vietnam on various missions.
A gunship variation using three 7.62mm miniguns was also deployed, designated the AC-47 "Spooky", often referred to as "Puff the Magic Dragon".
Aircraft of the 6th Special Operations Squadron, including the C-47 (Basler BT-67) turboprop, used by the USAF, c. 2005 year
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A former USAAF C-47A Skytrain that took off from a base in Devon during the D-Day invasion of Normandy, glands and "invasion stripes" are visible on the wings and fuselage.
The original military version of the DC-3 had a crew of four (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, and radio operator) and seating for 27 soldiers in addition to the interior of the fuselage. 18 stretchers and a three-person medical team can be transported in "air ambulances" equipped for emergency evacuation; 965 built (including 12 for US Navy as R4D-1).
C-47Ds with electronics calibration equipment, 26 of which were so converted by Hayes in 1953; prior to 1962 it was designated AC-47D
The C-47H/J is equipped to support United States Naval Attaché (ALUSNA) and Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) missions.
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C-47A and D aircraft converted for the ELINT/ARDF mission, the N and P differ in the radio bands covered, while the Q replaces the analog equipment found in the N and P with a digital package, modified antenna equipment, and upgraded engines.
A troop transport version of the C-47 that lacked the reinforced cargo floor, large cargo doors, and elevator facility of the C-47 Skytrain. It was designed to transport troops and could carry 28 passengers on fixed metal seats arranged in rows in the former cargo hold; 221 built.
One test-bed aircraft was modified in March 1942 with full-span slots and hot-air leading edge de-icing. Converted to C-53 standard in 1949 and sold as surplus.
A winter and far arctic version of the C-53 with additional fuselage fuel tanks and a separate navigation astrodome station for celestial navigation; eight built.
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C-53C with 24 V DC electrical system and its 28 seats attached to the sides of the fuselage; 159 built.
The Super DC-3 prototype was converted to the C-47F for evaluation by the USAF and later transferred to the USN as the XR4D-8. Wright R-1820 engines increased to 1425 hp.
24-volt electrical system on the C-47A variant, replacing the 12-volt C-47; Redesignated C-47H in 1962, 238 transferred from USAF
R4D-5 for use in Antarctica. Converted to LC-47H in 1962. This type photo shows the removal of the lower engine oil coolers, typical of an R-1830 engine installation; In the cold polar regions this is obviously not necessary.
Aircraft N1022c (convair 240 C/n 147) Photo By Michael W. Rosa (photo Id: Ac27702)
R4D-5 for use as a 21-passenger transport and training aircraft; Redesignated TC-47H in 1962
Refurbished R4D-5 and R4D-6 aircraft with stretched fuselage, Wright R-1820 engines, fitted with modified wings and modified tail surfaces; converted to C-117D in 1962
Twin engine Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-67R restoration and fuselage cable for the South African Air Force
C-47 conversion with stretched fuselage, rigid construction, modern avionics and two Pratt & Whitney Canada PT-6A-67R turboprops.
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A Dakota IV in RAF Transport Command colors belonging to the Classic Air Force operating from Kowtri Airfield
RAF designation for nine C-53 Skytroopers received under the lease scheme ld. Unlike most RAF Dakotas, these aircraft were therefore intended for troop transport and lacked wide cargo doors and reinforced floors.
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